The effects of arranged marriages on women in India Research Paper

The impacts of masterminded relationships on ladies in India - Research Paper Example Husband’s or in-laws’ desires when not met in such manner regularly bring about an endless encounter of physical and mental maltreatment for ladies. Notwithstanding that, inability to give share likewise prompts deferred relationships which is additionally another social shame experienced by Indian ladies. Where marriage gives a chance to a couple for fulfilling their social, libidinal and passionate requirements, absence of understanding, extraordinary contrasts in sentiments and failure to bargain frequently brings about conjugal issues. Since ladies invest more energy in household settings, pace of sorrow and other mental issues is increasingly famous in them because of absence of outlet of negative feelings. The circumstance will in general be increasingly hard for instructed people who are routine of having individual freedom before marriage. Sexual experiences with obscure accomplices in the wake of wedding likewise will in general be a stigmatic encounter for Ind ian ladies which can influence their methodology towards men on long haul premise. Nonappearance of long haul supporting or general skill of future husband’s nature, additional inclusion of parents in law in choices of couples and giving up one’s needs reluctant for example profession and instruction, can be triggers that may influence conjugal life if there should arise an occurrence of orchestrated relationships. Orchestrated marriage framework likewise gives more predominance to men over their spouses which further imperil government assistance of ladies because of very establishment of this social framework. Looking at focal points and burdens of organized relationships in India, it is critical to distinguish if negative marks of masterminded relationships for Indian ladies exceed benefits offered by this social marvel. 2. Preferences of Arranged Marriages Matchmaking in Indian culture is a typical social capacity performed by seniors, more distant family and compa nions and is considered as a wellspring of references for obtaining qualified lone wolf or lone rangeress for little girls and children of the family. With inclusions of seniors and prevailing family figures in this pursuit, the resultant is a social, monetary, strict and social similarity between two families which is normal between companions also. This is absolutely the motivation behind why some non-occupant Indian families likewise will in general look for accomplices for their children and little girls from India (Kalpagam 207). It is likewise critical to take note of that separation rates are required to be lower in organized relationships because of quality of outsiders and social help gave by relatives to compromise among a spouse and husband (Bentley n.p; ‘Arranged/Forced’ n.p). Moreover, separate is considered as shame in Indian culture particularly for ladies hence orchestrated relationships offer more help against couples’ divorces which likewise spa res their social height in Indian culture. Likewise, solid family ties are a necessary piece of Asian and other ethnic societies for example Indian, Chinese, Greek and Latina. Notwithstanding that, overlooking character contrasts, couples of orchestrated relationships are generally less impacted by natural elements for example money related or social predominance of one accomplice over other since they have been as of now considered, and dissension with other relatives hampering adequacy of conjugal life. In conclusion, masterminded relationships started with little desires since nature of accomplice is typically obscure for man and lady. Thusly, they are bound to endure contrasts among them when contrasted with adoration relationships that may have

How does culture and environment affect institutions and their management

How does culture and condition influence establishments and their administration? Characterize the Problem: What turned out badly during Ms. Myers residency from your perspective? Ms. Myers was a shrewd person that became involved with the publicity of another and promising activity. In the same way as other individuals nowadays the sound of an official position is enticing and needed by many, anyway most don't have what it takes or the information expected to endure and be a piece of that new condition. It is incredible to need to create the wheel once more, yet it's not extraordinary to step on toes while attempting be Inventive. Ms. Myers began great however bombed in what her goal was.When Linda Myers acknowledged a HR position at SK Telecom in South Korea, she thought it was the open door she'd for quite some time been progressing in the direction of. In addition to the fact that she would kick things off as one of the principal American female administrators at a Korean organiz ation, she would likewise lead an activity to make the association progressively worldwide. For somebody who'd went through years counseling on exile changes, this appeared to be a fantasy work. † Green 2011. In the event that she had rolled out a couple of improvements, her target would have been accomplished, persevering for ladies around the globe and getting an a dependable balance for Asian ladies In Korea.Analyze the Cause: Explain the difficult Ms. Myers Is experiencing utilizing Hofstede's five elements of culture to think about Korean and American presumptions about relational connections and the executives. 1. Force/Distance (PD) †This alludes to the level of imbalance that exists †and is acknowledged †among individuals with and without power. On the ground in Seoul, Myers immediately acknowledged Just how far she was from her local Baltimore. One early stun was the homogeneity of her offce as well as the city: Government gauges show that outsiders rep resent 2. % of the populace. That is contrasted and Just over 18% for Singapore and 27% for New York and London, as per the Migration Policy Institute. (Green) Because Mrs. Myers was accustomed to being in the states and was not adjusted to the Asian condition, she felt that she was a long way from comfort. Additionally, at an opportune time, she requested that workers get rid of calling her â€Å"Sang Mu Linda,† her title at the organization, and to utilize Linda, the standard In a u. s. organization, to make a less proper condition. â€Å"But by evacuating the name, I dove in their eyes,† she recalls.What she viewed as a â€Å"participative authority style† looked indecisive to the individuals at SK. (Green) Power a be viewed as a place that you have picked up by advancement. Since she was at that point in a place of the executives, she had the control over numerous individuals. How she utilized that force was her defeat. In the Korean condition she was the â €Å"Sang Mu† which was an administration position. When she attempted to connect with the laborers as equivalents sne Tell Trom tnat job In tne eyes 0T tne laborers. 2. Independence (IDV) †how much people are incorporated into groups†.In individualistic social orders, the pressure is put on close to home accomplishments and individual rights. Individuals are relied upon to defend themselves and their close family, nd to pick their own affiliations. Interestingly, in collectivist social orders, people act prevalently as individuals from a deep rooted and firm gathering or association. Individuals have enormous more distant families, which are utilized as a security in return for unquestioning steadfastness. 3. Manliness (MAS) †This alludes to how much a general public sticks with, and values, conventional male and female jobs. Myers was continually mindful of being female.Aside from secretaries, she was quite often the main lady in the room. She was likewise no t ready for the organization's inflexible order. Yet, through Myers' eyes, â€Å"there were asically four levels: VP, executive, supervisor, and working drone. You just conversed with individuals at your level. † (Green) Not all social orders have evened out the field of female and male connections. In the Asian societies the jobs of male being rule and Females are the lesser of human social job. 4. Vulnerability/Avoidance Index (IJAI) †This identifies with the level of nervousness society individuals feel when in questionable or obscure situations.Her absence of Korean ended up being a vexing issue. She needed to request a mediator at her first gatherings at SK. Also, even with a right hand and partners who communicated in English, she ound it hard to get the data she required. â€Å"Asking questions was the main way I knew to learn,† she clarifies. â€Å"But it was not constantly beneficial. † As she saw it, even strategic requests could be understood as angry and basic. (Green) When the Higher CEOs and upper administration felt that they were being stepped on by her way the executives they began to ostersize her and shield her from data 5.Long Term Orientation (L TO) ) †This alludes to how much society esteems long-standing †instead of present moment †conventions and qualities. Propose a Solution: Five key issues . Making an atmosphere for change as far as making an atmosphere for change, culture is just compelling on the off chance that it is applied to the important region requiring change or is attached to some hierarchical issue. 2. Representative commitment and strengthening Employee commitment and strengthening is essential to guarantee that the way of life is adequately overseen and lined up with the social presumptions of the association as a wnole. 3.Team direction Team work is a typical element in many associations, as far as intersection existing hindrances and as a helpful methods for advancing and scatte ring new social attributes. Regarding individual and hierarchical turn of events, groups are viewed as a method of putting resources into ability advancement. 4. Following social change Tracking social change is significant regarding evaluating whether the way of life has become skewed as far as subgroup societies' practices, or whether there are issues or difficulties to be tended to which could subvert the social ethos and fundamental suppositions of the association. . Preparing, prizes and acknowledgment Training as far as culture mindfulness is seen distinctively in different associations. Culture is a part of general administration preparing in certain associations. In different rganizations, it is considered proper to gain from pioneers and supervisors about the common social standards and presumptions. Prizes and acknowledgment is given when people or groups step fresh and ascend over the standard. It is an affirmation that there has been a critical change and additionally an other working standard has been started.From assessing Green's anecdotal contextual investigation, (Green, 2011), the creator recognizes some valid statements for thought when one needs to decide how much a culture and condition will influence foundations and their administration. In this survey, Green investigates the difficulties looked by Ms. Linda Myers when she acknowledged a Job as a VP in a Seoul, South Korea with SK Telecom. Ms. Myers had what appeared to be the entirety of the correct certifications on paper that would make her the perfect contender for an outside task, with the exception of one, she was female.Although she had understood that later, being a female would be domineering for her and she couldn't cling to the situation because of numerous social components, talked about prior. (Green, 2011). While breaking down this case top to bottom and assessing the whole residency of Ms. Myers time with SK Telecom in Seoul, significant issues surfaced, which made this Job situation turn out badly for Ms. Myers. Finishing up comments This comprehension comparable to successfully overseeing society in open division associations and furthermore to give exercises from activities executed to date in both people in general and private sectors.The significance of overseeing and controlling society in open segment associations can't be misconceived as far as its effect on the development layout. Creating suitable measures to address social issues in associations as far as expanding auxiliary ability and execution is a significant issue that ought to be tended to singularly. While the ramifications of such pproaches are wide-extending, essentially the way to compelling society the board Is leaaersnlp.Leaaersnlp must De commlttea to overseeing society as far as creating and supporting hierarchical execution, while administrators all through the association are liable for its powerful turn of events. There is a lot of that remaining parts to be done to address the hole between the impact of social issues and the methodologies embraced by administrators, approaches which are basic in numerous open division associations. The associations give helpful instances of how associations can adequately oversee association culture as a vital piece of oth corporate procedures and authoritative change measures to upgrade execution and innovation.This contextual investigation adds to the mindfulness and comprehension of culture the board in open part associations. One of the main pieces of information that things were turning out badly in South Korea was that Ms. Myers ought to have acknowledged happened well before her tolerating the Job in South Korea and she decide to overlook it. That piece of information being the fundamental supposition by the organization sent to enroll a VP that she was male, not female, as referenced prior. The subsequent warning that ought to have been raised by Ms.https://www.coursehero.com/document/16308917/MGT-501-CA1docx/ http://www.freedownloadmanager.org/download.htmhttps://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_66.htmhttps://ru.scribd.com/doc/19082366/Historical-Background-of-Environmental-Educationhttp://www.nacada.ksu.edu/Resources/Clearinghouse/View-Articles/Values-and-culture-in-moral choice making.aspx How does Culture and Environment Affect Institutions and Their Management? Characterize the Problem: What turned out badly during Ms. Myers residency from your perspective? Ms. Myers was a shrewd person that became involved with the publicity o

Sample TOEFL Integrated Essay Fortress of Sacsayhuaman

Sample TOEFL Integrated Essay Fortress of Sacsayhuaman Sample TOEFL Integrated EssayThe QuestionThis integrated question is taken from aKorean bookwhich you probably cant purchase in your country. I am not allowed to share the lecture and reading here, but if you need some practice tests I strongly recommend that you purchase theOfficial TOEFL iBT Tests Collection. It is excellent!Special Offer: TOEFL Essay Evaluation and ScoringYou can now sign up to have your practice essays evaluated and scored by the author of this page. This service is a great way to learn how you will do before test day and how you can best prepare for the big day. Sign up today.The Sample EssayThe reading and the lecture are both about Sacsayhuaman, which is a walled fortress built by the Inca people near the city of Cuzco. The author of the reading believes that the fortress was not built for defensive purposes. The lecturer casts doubt on the claims made in the article. She thinks that, in fact, the fortress was built to defend the Inca against invaders.First of all, the author claims that the walls in the fortress were not solid. It is noted that the fortress actually consists of a series of walls with great gaps in between them, which invaders could have passed through. This point is challenged by the lecturer. She says that the gaps were left in order to conserve building materials. Furthermore, she points out that natural barriers would have provided sufficient defense in the areas where the gaps were located.Secondly, the author states that the wall contains various entryways. The article argues that these passages were not defended very well and that aggressors could have entered through them. This argument is rebutted by the lecturer. She suggests that the entries were left because the Inca needed to see the invaders as they approached in order to plan their strategies. She elaborates on this by mentioning that the entries were mostly windows which were too small for invaders to fit through.Finally, the author mentions that no wells have been found behind the walls. The authors opinion is that if the fortress had been blockaded by invaders the defenders would have died of thirst. The lecturer, on the other hand, feels that because of the high altitude of the fortress, invaders would not have been able to sustain long attacks. She puts forth the idea that defenders could have resupplied when their attackers fell back as a result of the altitude.NoteThis is a sample TOEFL personal preference essay written by a native speaker. It follows our TOEFL writing templates for integrated essays. If you find it useful, please remember that we have many more sample essaysfor you to read!

The 5 Best ESL Books for Adult Learners in 2019

A Comparison Of Alternative Energy Sources - 2756 Words

Amjed Hallak Dr. Johnson E110/Period 5 22 February 2015 A Comparison of Alternative Energy Sources: The Need for a Change Against The Clock Energy runs everything. Energy makes your cars move, powers electronic devices, and makes light bulbs give emit light. Where does almost all of this energy come from? Currently, standard fossil fuels provide for 82% of the United States’ energy demand (Bradley et al.). Many people depend on power from a highly limited source of energy known as fossil fuels. The world’s main sources of these fuels suffer substantial deprivation. The question of what will happen once these deposits become fully deprived of oil remains a serious issue. The world will fall into turmoil unless a majority of people switch to an alternative source of energy as soon as possible. Alternative sources of energy typically cost more economically, although alternative energy sources remain much more reliable and green when compared to fossil fuels. Along with reliability, with advancements in technology, those alterna tive energy sources have the potential to take over the need for fossil fuels and become far less expensive to harness and utilize. The utilization of these alternative energy sources would not only fix the issues regarding the Middle East and having to rely on their harnessing of oil, but also many modern economic problems remaining from the need for oil from the Middle East. Utilizing oil remains the most standard form of fossil fuels.Show MoreRelatedA Comparison Of Alternative Energy Sources2550 Words   |  11 PagesE110/Period 5 4 February 2015 A Comparison of Alternative Energy Sources: The Need for a Change Energy is everywhere. Energy makes your car move, powers your electronic devices, and makes a bulb give off light. Where does almost all of this energy come from? Currently, fossil fuels are used to provide for 82% of the United States’ energy demand (Bradley et al.). 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“Gold Miss” Single successful women in work force in Korea Free Essays

string(100) " living alone because they earn enough to support themselves \(Gold Miss Among†¦ , 2007, para\." Two articles that were discussed in class touched on married women in the work force in Korea, Taiwan and Japan. All of these articles examine the changes in married women’s employment that industrialized society face. Higher participation of married women’s employment compared to the past can be explained by higher labor supply and demand caused by industrialization, social structures, changes in women’s role in family, and higher women’s education. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Gold Miss†: Single successful women in work force in Korea or any similar topic only for you Order Now These changes not only affect married women but also single women in Asia. I would like to go delve more into and also go beyond the readings and look more into the single women in general, with specific focus on Korea. Particularly, events regarding women at work has led to the rise of the â€Å"gold miss† in Korean culture recently has created significant cultural shifts in the way the largely Confucian society views women and how these women do business. Korean Culture Korea is home to a deeply Confucian society. Under such a system, women are relegated to a lower position, wherein they have to follow the wishes and dictates of the head of the family: the father, then the husband and then the grown sons. There are strict dictates that has crossed over to national laws on succession. Korean norms have been blamed for the lack of opportunities for women (August and Tuten, 2003, p. 118). Women traditionally stay at home after marriage to take care of family. Children usually live with their parents until they are married and the eldest son is left to care of the aging parents. Women in the Workforce In their study, Rachel August and Tracy Tuten laments that only 48% of women participate in the Korean workforce. The country’s labor market is highly-segregated with jobs that are meant only for men exclusively. Korean men also have a virtual monopoly on managerial and executive level jobs, where only 7% are held by women (August and Tuten, 2003, p. 109). In contrast, women in the United Kingdom have a 66% participation in the labor force, while 33% of employed women hold managerial and executive level jobs (August and Tuten, 2003, p. 109). The pay between men and women is different too, with women getting only 60% of what their male counterparts get (Yoo, 2003, p. 367). Most Korean women had to fight a patriarchal society where in everyone — from employers policymakers, and even fellow employees — prefer males over females. As such, they get jobs that pay less (Brinton, et. al. , 1995, p. 1101) The dismal situation of women is due to the fact that workplaces in Korea lack protection like laws against gender discrimination, harassment and other similar laws. Korean women are also facing challenges in terms of getting their education that would have equipped them with the skills and knowledge needed for higher level positions (August and Tuten, 2003, p. 17). This has changed in recent years, however. With the advent of industrialization in Korea, more and more women had married later and the fertility rate fell. Korean women had more time to participate in the activities of the labor market. Korean women also gained more education, and consequently more work experience, which in turn makes them more attractive to employers (Brinton, et. al. , 1995, p. 1100) Married Korean women are less likely to be involved in formal employment, as many companies also encourage women employees to resign after marriage (Yoo, 2003, p. 384). Shift in Korean Culture The increases in the number of working married women and single woman households both represent a significant departure from the traditional Korean family structure. Women are now choosing to keep their jobs even after marriage and many grown-up children are moving out of the family home to live alone and choosing to postpone marriage. More and more women are also getting higher education compared to women in the 70s and 80s. These grown-up daughters that have successful careers postpone marriage and enjoy their single-blessedness and economic independence. In the past in Korea, marriage used to be only institution frame work for women to secure stability in their lives. But now that social conditions have changed greatly and women exert more power in economic activities women are increasingly taking charge of their lives. Thus, in recent years, more and more women are staying single, earning more, and fighting societal pressures that dictate when they should settle down. They have been termed gold misses, a play of words and a corruption of â€Å"Old Miss†. Gold misses are highly successful single women who are way above the traditional marrying age of the late twenties and early thirties. According to the Chosun Ilbo, an English language Korean newspaper, the typical gold miss has a college degree, a professional job that pays at least KRW40 million (around US$43,000) annually. A gold miss go for sophistication both in looks and image (Gold Miss Among†¦ , 2007, para. 2). More than changing their looks and living upwardly in society, gold misses are changing Korean society. Whereas before, women above thirty are frowned upon as spinsters who failed to catch a husband, with all the attendant stereotypes against it. Now gold misses are seen to enjoy their independence — both personal and economic (Gold Miss Among†¦ , 2007, para. 1). They are also breaking through stereotypes that unmarried women in their mid-thirties have something wrong with them, or have been through a difficult experience, or just plain stubborn. These are women who do not rely on a husband to keep them alive, and they are enjoying it. For Ham In-hee, a sociologist at Ewha Women’s University marriage for a gold miss is a choice, instead of a desperate and only means to be stable. Ham relates that women â€Å"who are financially capable,† have a tendency to marry late (Chosun Ilbo, 2007, para. 3). The view is shared by Lee Woong-jin, chief executive officer of a dating company. Ms. Lee says that gold misses think they can continue living alone because they earn enough to support themselves (Gold Miss Among†¦ , 2007, para. You read "â€Å"Gold Miss†: Single successful women in work force in Korea" in category "Papers" 2). Other changes are evident. Gold misses are known to be ‘fashionistas’, and have influenced trends in Korean fashion and food (Kang, 2008, para. ). Gold misses, though a relatively new development in the conservative Korean culture, are increasing. Kang In-sun, writing for the Chosun Ilbo, reports on data released by the Korea Employment Information Service that says that there were 27,233 gold misses in 2006, an increase of almost twelve-fold from around 2,000 just five years before. The report also says that gold misses are now found in a growing range of industries and profession, securing top jobs in private institutions, filmmaking, theater, writing, broadcasting, medicine, design and management, among others (Kang, 2008, para. ). The number will rise, as 68% of women in their twenties and thirties surveyed indicated that they would like to remain single (Kang, 2008, para. 5). Meanwhile, an overwhelming 90% of girls aged 10 think that marriage is a choice, instead of a must (Kang, 2007, para. 7). The prevalence and impact of gold misses is so widespread that Korean marketers have taken note of them, and have even come up with spin-off labels like â€Å"silver miss† or single women in their 30s who are earning less than KRW30 million, and â€Å"platinum miss† or women who earn more than KRW100 million annually (Kim, 2008, para. ). As more women become more economically active and more financially-independent these days and as views on marriage have changed dramatically, these single professional women, in their thirties and forties without pressure to get married, enjoy the feeling of accomplishment at work and gain more free time for themselves, rather than doing housework and caring for children as housewives do. Having no husbands and children also increases their autonomy on spending. Gold misses are willing to and can spend on anything they want, especially on their self-development, looks, health, skills and on leisure, their changes in lifestyle and spending start to have impact on various industries such as tourism, fashion, art and music business, interior design such as kitchen appliances, and matchmaking business. As a result, the purchasing power of singles makes them an important consumer group. Kim Ji-soo, a culture editor at the Korea Times, writes that while Korean women had been slow to change in a â€Å"strongly Confucian† society, they are now taking on more and new challenges and working in professions that used to be male domain. The causes for the rise of the gold miss are varied, and touches a spectrum of economic and social factors including (but not limited to) higher labor supply and demand caused by industrialization, changes in women’s role in family, higher women’s education, and increase in voices advocating gender equality and equal opportunities at work, among other things. The Korea Times, however, proposes another cause. Bae Ji-sook relates that the cost of marriage, including childrearing, housing and education, could be the main reason why a progressively increasing number of women are opting to stay single. With the shift in Korean thinking with regards to the convention of women getting married in their late twenties or early thirties, there is less pressure to get married and risk acquiring these costs (Bae, 2008, para. 6-8). In fact, a recent survey found that 22% of Korean singles found marriage costs too prohibitive and cited that as one of the reasons not to get married. Other reasons were the prevalence of divorce, and the idea of enjoying the single life. Almost a quarter said that they haven’t found the right one yet. The survey had 1,826 respondents, 70% of them were women (Kang, 2007, paras. 1-4). Traditional values of family and harmony influenced by Confucian philosophy are disappearing, new values of individualism and independence are new inflow, and women are reacting to this change by choosing to work and marry late. On to of these changes in social values, higher cost of marriage and raising children causes further departure from traditional roles for single women. Additionally, women’s success in their career will continue to emerge as a valuable consumer group in the future. With such changes in conventional idea, their economic and social power, and consumer market towards them, they seem to have less reason to get married and the increase the number of unmarried women in their thirties and forties is likely to continue. * * * The rise of the gold misses can thus be seen as a natural consequence of the Korean woman’s progress in the country’s labor market. It is an evolution that took years to unravel. With the change in Korea’s business climate and labor environment, women became introduced into its labor force, an event which led to further changes down the road and created a cyclical cause and effect. As women became more active in their participation in the country’s labor force, the more opportunities opened for them to further their education and chalk up their work experience, which in turn made them more attractive to employers and opened the doors to more jobs. The pressures of society and culture, however, remained. In time, Korean women learned that having their best interests in mind and following the norms do not necessarily go together, and thus the evolution comes to its current form: the gold misses. Combined with this realization are the changes in the country’s norms and governance that allowed for more gender equality. It can be argued then that gold misses are the daughters who are reaping the benefits that have been set up for them by women of the past. They are also blessed to be working at a time when Korean society and culture had eased and changed. But as mothers can differ from their daughters in a lot of ways, so does today’s gold misses and the traditional married working women. Married working women of the past were at most followers of society’s dictated norms of how they should act and when they should act, and at the very least, they were constrained by their culture. Career women felt the urge to get married at an age that is largely dictated by society, at a time when they should have been at their peak, professionally speaking. These women may be doing the deals in the corporate boardroom, but they come home to cook for their husbands and care for their children. Gold misses eschewed that role, and by ignoring societal dictates, they have become progenitors of a new culture. By refusing to be tied down, they have gathered enough power to create a unique culture that soon became more and more mainstream. They became a force to be considered, if only for their collective purchasing power. Without responsibilities to take care of a family, they have the luxury of thinking only for themselves. Instead of being dictated by culture, gold misses have turned the tables and are now dictating what the culture should be. More and more gold misses are stepping into roles that women of the past have not even dreamed of. The arena for male-dominated fields is shrinking as more women are invading the work force. Whereas traditional married working women were contented in defining their value by the men in the lives, and anchoring their stability on their marriage, gold misses are challenging the patriarchal traditions and Confucian hierarchies. Women in the workplace are also changing the business culture away from â€Å"alcohol-inspired karaoke fests† into something more transparent and above-board. These women are also discouraging blind loyalty towards superiors (Asiaweek, 2001, paras. 3-4). Stability is no longer anchored to the thickness of their husbands’ wallets, but their own. Culture and society are two very dynamic forces, and they affect one another. While it is evidently a much better time to be a single work woman in Korea nowadays more than ever, there is still a long way to go to achieve more independence from and equality with men. The gold miss phenomenon is a clear indicator, though, that women in Korea are on the right track. How to cite â€Å"Gold Miss†: Single successful women in work force in Korea, Papers

The Role of Women in the Church Essay Example For Students

The Role of Women in the Church Essay With the advent of the feminist movement, the role of women in all parts of society has come under increasing scrutiny. One area of recent controversy is the role of women in the Christian Church. Some churches whose traditions and practices are less rigidly tied to Biblical doctrines have begun placing women in leadership positions such as pastor or teacher. Other churches which interpret the Bible more literally have been slow to adopt such changes. Much of the confusion is based on attempts to interpret scriptures pertaining to women. In this essay, we will use the Bible to understand the role of women in the church of the first century and apply that understanding to the church of the twentieth century. We will write a custom essay on The Role of Women in the Church specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Many people would dispute the Bibles relevance to contemporary thought in general, and in particular to the role of women in worship. If the Bible were not written under divine inspiration, a person or practice is not bound by its teachings. He or she can therefor pick and choose whatever corresponds to his/her point of view. However, if the Bible is of divine inspiration, then a cautious consideration of passages relevant to a particular issue must be undertaken. Traditions and customs that have arisen after the Bible was written may thus be carefully scrutinized. Such practices may or may not prove sound after comparison with scripture. Before we discuss specific issues concerning women in worship, we should consider principles derived from the relationship of Adam and Eve as described in Genesis chapter one. The Apostle Paul frequently uses this passage as a guideline when discussing women and womens issues. Genesis 1 verse 27 states: So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them. Most Commentators agree that man and woman are both equally a reflection of Gods image; the word man here is used as a synonym for humanity. Adam and Eve were also given joint dominion over creation. But the fact that Adam was created before Eve has significance to Paul and other Old Testament scholars; it signifies role distinction between the two sexes. The role of the man is leadership, while the role of woman is as a source of strength and support. In the letter to the Ephesians, Paul states: For the husband is the head of the wife as Christ is the head of the church. . . (Eph . 5:23) This is an important analogy. If a person wants to understand the Christian authority of a man over his wife, he must consider how Christ demonstrated his leadership as head over the Church. Primarily, he gave his life for his church, not using force or coercion for her submission. When considering mens and womans ministry in the church, it is important to keep in mind this role distinction. Lets examine the public ministry of women in the Church. Two major passages give specific instructions regarding women during worship in the letters of the Apostle Paul. These two passages are used frequently when denying women a public role in church life. The first is in I Corinthians chapter 14 verses 33 35, this passage commands women to be silent during worship service. Similarly but with more details, I Timothy 2 verses 8 15 not only contains a command to be silent but also instruction on authority along with a reference to the fall of Adam and Eve for further explanation. Here is the passage in its entirety using the NIV (New International Version) Bible translation:I want men everywhere to lift up holy hands in prayer, without anger or disputing. I also want women to dress modestly, with decency and propriety, not with braided hair or gold or pearls or expensive clothes, but with good deeds, appropriate for women who profess to worship God. A women should learn in quietness and full submission. Ido not permit a woman to teach or to have authority over a man; she must be silent. For Adam was formed first, then Eve. And Adam was not the one deceived; it was the woman who was deceived and became a sinner. But women will be kept safe through childbirth, if they continue in faith, love and holiness with propriety. A woman raised in the U.S. in this day and age, reading the letter for the first time, may be quite taken aback by its apparentchauvinism. However, there are some specific historical and cultural references that must be taken into account when considering the meaning and intent of this passage. First of all, this was a letter written by Paul to a young preacher named Timothy. Timothy was presumably preaching at the church in the city of Ephesus. Paul starts out the letter by telling him to stay in Ephesus and correct false teachers who were creating a disruption in the church. Various commentators have tried to recreate some of the heresies of th ese false teachers. This can be a difficult task since there is not a record of exactly what was being said, so only remarks made in the text itself can give a clue. One probable heresy was the idea of asceticism as a way to achieve spirituality. The ascetic practices being recommended consisted of; abstinence from certain foods, from marriage, and sex. Add to all of this physical training as an additional means of spirituality. It was thought that through these practices, one could achieve something akin to heaven on earth. In other words, there was possibly a denial of a future physical resurrection being taught in favor of a spiritual one that could be achieved in their present lifetimes. It seems also from Pauls remarks that many women in the church had been converted to this message and they were being persuaded to renounce their traditional roles in favor of a more egalitarian way of life in line with their new-found spirituality. This would explain the strong words Paul makes in reference to Eve, reminding the women that she was indeed led into sin, and that bearing children and raising them was a good thing, not unspiritual as they were being taught. Yet, the other parts of this passage that admonish women not to teach and not to have authority over a man have been agreed upon by many, if not most, commentators to have timeless application; the words and grammar in Greek do not lend themselves to any cultural reference. The teaching that Paul is concerned about here is specifically the truths of the faith while the authority in question refers to women in governing or leadership positions of the church. But, before making conclusions on a Biblical truth it is important to see if the truth holds fast throughout the whole of scripture. Lets consider some other passages. In Galations 3 verse 28, Paul states: There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, malenor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus. Some commentators have suggested that this teach ing could have had some influence in the false teachings that were encountered in Ephesus and Corinth in regard to women. Christ himself taught that in the afterlife, men and women would not be given in marriage and they would be like the angels. Thus, the women were being encouraged, by some misguided teachers, to renounce their traditional roles. Without taking this radical extreme, the modern reader is at least inclined to ask what it means that men and women are one in Christ Jesus? It must certainly mean that there is not one sex inferior to the other. .u4bbc965d214bf2f2412e9f3d2600dd71 , .u4bbc965d214bf2f2412e9f3d2600dd71 .postImageUrl , .u4bbc965d214bf2f2412e9f3d2600dd71 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4bbc965d214bf2f2412e9f3d2600dd71 , .u4bbc965d214bf2f2412e9f3d2600dd71:hover , .u4bbc965d214bf2f2412e9f3d2600dd71:visited , .u4bbc965d214bf2f2412e9f3d2600dd71:active { border:0!important; } .u4bbc965d214bf2f2412e9f3d2600dd71 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4bbc965d214bf2f2412e9f3d2600dd71 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4bbc965d214bf2f2412e9f3d2600dd71:active , .u4bbc965d214bf2f2412e9f3d2600dd71:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4bbc965d214bf2f2412e9f3d2600dd71 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4bbc965d214bf2f2412e9f3d2600dd71 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4bbc965d214bf2f2412e9f3d2600dd71 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4bbc965d214bf2f2412e9f3d2600dd71 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4bbc965d214bf2f2412e9f3d2600dd71:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4bbc965d214bf2f2412e9f3d2600dd71 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4bbc965d214bf2f2412e9f3d2600dd71 .u4bbc965d214bf2f2412e9f3d2600dd71-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4bbc965d214bf2f2412e9f3d2600dd71:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Walmart EssayBeyond this, their are clear examples in the book of Acts that may shed some light by way of documented practice, on the command not to have authority over men. First of all, there were prophetesss. In Acts 21: 8 9, Philip, one of the seven deacons, is said to have four daughters who prophesied. Prophesying was not primarily divination of the future but also the conveying of Gods Word to his people, i. e. teaching. Furthermore, in 1 Corinthians 11: 4 5 Paul states, Every woman who prays or prophesies. . . Clearly women in Corinth were praying and prophesying during the worship service. There is also thecase of Precilla and Aquila described in Acts Chapter 18 . Many Commentators feel it is significant that whenever this couple are mentioned in the Bible, Precilla, the women, is mentioned first because of her great knowledge. It appears that they worked together as a teaching team and their effectiveness is demonstrated when they taught Apollos the ways of the Lord more adequately (Acts 18: 26). Apollos is described as a learned man who came to Ephesus and began teaching from the scriptures in a knowledgeable way although lacking in one of the fundamental teachings. Another Case in point is a business woman named Lydia who lived in Philippi. She accepted the Gospel message from Paul and Silas while at a place of prayer. After this incident is recorded, a strong church is mentioned in Philippi later in the Bible. We can only surmise that she played asignificant part in the growth of this church, since no men were initially converted. These passages all call into question the real nature of the moratorium on teaching and the meaning of no authority mentioned in1st Timothy. That women were teaching men is obvious, although at times they may have been co-teaching with male teachers. The case of the prophetesss is also compelling because although most churches do not recognize prophecy as being a modern gift, teaching certainly is and this was one of the important functions of a prophet. Some Commentators in discussing womens ministry in the New Testament have brought to light the customs of the day regarding women. Pauls main concern was the spread of the Gospel and that the message could be made attractive in every way. For this reason Paul encourages women in other passages to continue observing social customs such as the wearing of a veil; otherwise people might criticize them as loose or immoral and belittle the Gospel message. This is, I believe, a valid thought not only in 1st century times but in our culture today. Consider, for example, what non believing women in the US think upon entering a Christian assembly for the first time and seeing a service that appears to be run completely by men? They may conclude that women are being suppressed and that the gospel message makes women inferior to men. In conclusion, we can say that although there is no sanction in scripture for women to take roles of leadership, public ministryand teaching are not as clearly forb idden and a degree of latitude in interpretation is warranted. More importantly, if women are not allowed to have a voice or some kind of input, the church could be loosing a valuable resource. If a husband does not consider his wives thoughts and ideas as being important or valid, his family is surely incomplete, dysfunctional and doomed to failure. Therefore, as the church strives to realize Gods purpose for women, we must remember the truths of the scripture and apply them to our present day culture. This will allow men and women to present the Christian message to our world in the most powerful way. That is exactly what the Apostle Paul desired along with all of the New Testament leaders and it is whatwe should desire as we consider the path of the modern church.

Chris Cunningham as a Director essays

Chris Cunningham as a Director essays Movies are a dream, and probably a picture of the images in the mind that are formed of a person and this is the person who is guiding the entire movie. Normally this individual is the leader of the pack making the movie, and he is the director. In the past, this was not the scene and the movies were being made by studios, which had set formulae for making movies and through the movies, money. That was money making venture, but it did not have many dreams woven into them. This still exists in certain types of movies in certain countries, but the cheapest method of making movies is now on the video, and this has led to enormous dynamism in the production of these movies. They were also not so original a few years back and did not get into diversions regarding ART or similar outlandish' ventures. (The Duke on The Work of Chris Cunningham') At that time there would be just a few songs playing and this would be the main music element in the music video. This music would have a visual accompaniment from persons like Madonna or Thin Lizzy, or any other popular artiste. This was felt to be enough as a visual, and the concerned viewers would be happy. There would not be demands from the audience about unusual pictures like a sex action between robots or kids chasing pensioners around the housing area. Today, the dialogue of these video movies has changed and they usually start with a lot of motherfucker' and ho' filled words that would not have even appeared in print earlier. Along with that there are a lot of effects like SFX, CGI, malarkey and other effects. All this is added to make the nonsense that is coming out of the video movie interesting' to the viewers. Other interesting bits are added through robots engaging in sex and SFX. One of the greatest in this field was Chris Cunningham. (The Duke on The Work of Chris...

How to Make Yogurt With Chemistry

How to Make Yogurt With Chemistry Yogurt is made by fermenting milk. Its high in protein, calcium, and probiotics (good bacteria). Heres how to make yogurt and a look at the chemistry of yogurt. Chemistry Yogurt forms when bacteria ferment the sugar lactose (C12H22O11) into lactic acid (C3H6O3). The lactic acid makes the milk more acidic (lower the pH), causing the proteins in milk to coagulate. The main protein in dairy milk is casein. The acidity gives yogurt its tangy flavor, while the coagulated proteins result in a thickened, creamy texture. There is no simple chemical equation for yogurt production since multiple reactions occur. Several types of bacteria can ferment lactose. Yogurt cultures may contain Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, other Lactobacillus strains, Streptococcus thermophilus, and bifidobacteria. Recipe You can make yogurt from any type of milk. Although most yogurt is made from bovine milk (e.g., cow, sheep, goat), the fermentation process works on other types of milk, as long as they contain a sugar for the bacteria to ferment and protein that can be coagulated. Yogurt can be made from soy milk, coconut milk, and almond milk. The first time you make yogurt, you need a starter culture as a source of the bacteria. You can use ordinary store-bought yogurt with active culture or you can use freeze-dried yogurt starter. If you use a commercial yogurt starter, follow the packaging directions, since activating the culture varies depending on the product. Once you make your first batch of yogurt, you can use a couple of tablespoons of it to start future batches. While it may seem like you would want to add more active culture to a recipe, adding too much bacteria produces a sour yogurt rather than a pleasantly tangy yogurt. Ingredients   1 quart milk (any kind)1/4 to 1/2 cup non-fat dry milk (optional)2 tablespoons plain yogurt with live cultures (or you can use freeze-dried bacteria instead) Recipe Set the starter yogurt out at room temperature while you prepare the milk. This warms the yogurt so that it wont chill your recipe too much when you add it later.Heat the milk to 185 °F (85 °C). The purpose of this step is to re-pasteurize the yogurt, preventing any unwanted bacteria from growing, and to denature the proteins so that they will be able to coalesce and thicken the yogurt. The easiest way to do this is to use a double boiler or set your container of milk inside a pan of water. Heat the water to near-boiling. Dont worry- the ​​milk cant boil using this technique. If you have to heat the milk directly, stir it constantly and watch the temperature to make sure it doesnt boil or burn. If you do not have a thermometer, the milk will start to froth at 185 °F (85 °C).Once the milk reaches the temperature or starts to froth, remove it from heat and allow the milk to cool 110 °F (43 °C). One way to do this is to place the container of milk in a cold wat er bath. Otherwise, you can leave the milk on the counter and allow it to cool. Either way, stir the milk occasionally so that the temperature is uniform. Dont proceed to the next step until the temperature of the milk is below 120 °F(49 °C), but dont let the milk cool below 90 °F (32 °C). 110 °F (43 °C) is the optimal temperature. At this point, you can add nonfat dry milk. This is an optional step that helps the yogurt thicken more readily, plus it adds nutritional content to the yogurt. Its purely a matter of preference, whether you add the dry milk or not.Stir in the starter yogurt.Put the yogurt into clean, sterile containers. Containers can be sterilized by boiling them. The reason for sterilizing the containers is to prevent unwanted mold or bacteria from growing in your yogurt. Cover each container with plastic wrap or a lid.Keep the yogurt as close to 100 °F (38 °C) as possible and undisturbed, to bacterial growth. Some ovens have a proof setting that you can use. Other ideas include setting the yogurt on a heating mat (being sure to check the temperature) or placing the containers in a warm water bath. Youll have a custard-like yogurt after about 7 hours. It wont resemble store-bought yogurt because that has thickeners and additional ingredients. Your yogurt should have a yellowish or greenish liq uid on top, a creamy custard texture, and may have a cheesy odor. The thin yellowish liquid is whey. You can pour it off or mix it in, whichever you prefer. Its completely edible, though you may add fruit, flavorings, or herbs, according to your taste. If you leave the yogurt at this temperature longer than 7 hours, it will thicken and become tangier. When the yogurt is the thickness and flavor you want, refrigerate it. Homemade yogurt will keep for 1-2 weeks. You can use yogurt from this batch as a starter for the next batch. If you are going to use yogurt as a starter, use unflavored yogurt, within 5-7 days.

Human Resources Administration Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Resources Administration - Assignment Example The issue regarding the sales representative of the company is about performing unethical behavior within the company. The sales representative of the company has violated the rules of the working guidelines of the company by selling certain products into the flea market. In other words, the sales representative of the company has performed a kind of fraudulent practice that could adversely cost the company in the long term. The unethical or fraudulent practices are generally carried out due to several reasons. The reasons for performing certain fraudulent practices within a company or an organization can be owing to ensuring their survival in the business or reducing the burden of financial problems by executing unethical practices within the company. In this case, the sales representative has performed unethical and conducted fraudulent practice with the company by selling certain products into the flea market. The crucial reason of the sales representative for performing such fraudulent act is due to the financial burden that the sales representative faced while being separated from his spouse. It has been recognized that the accused sales representative of the company, Bruce has performed an unethical as well as fraudulent act by selling certain products of the company into the flea market. The sales representative of the company has purchased certain products by participating in the staff purchase program that is allowed by the company every month to its employees. The sales representative got the idea of selling the products into the flea market that he acquired from the staff purchase program which is conducted by the company for the sake of their employees. In order to respond towards the fraudulent or unethical practice that is performed by the sales representative, certain major actions need to be taken into consideration. The key action would be to

Science Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Science - Assignment Example The research conducted revealed that medical conspiracy theories are known and endorsed predicting many health behaviors. Individuals endorsing these theories are normal thus conspiracies arise from common process of attribution. The medical conspiracies act as diagnostic tools for many health practitioners since conspiracies do not follow the traditional medical advice. There are numerous ways to categorize conspiracy theories. Individuals who tend to believe in conspiracy theories endorse a fictitious theory that is made up for experimental purposes. Personality and belief variables are significantly related to conspiracy theories. This results into the question the question of what factors account for variance in conspiracy theories? The psychologist in this study has been unable to come up with factors that account for more than 10% of the common variance (Furnham 5). Thus, individual difference variables explain little of variance in such beliefs. This is in consideration that beliefs in conspiracy theories are widespread across the

Alternator and Parallel Operation Experiment

Alternator and Parallel Operation Experiment a) Purpose In first part, the purpose is measuring the mechanical and iron losses of a synchronous generator or alternator which is most commonly used machine for generation of electrical power for commercial purpose. In second part, the purpose is determining the ohmic and stray losses of a alternator at various speeds and calculating synchronous reactance. In the last part, the purpose is measuring the response of the alternator (which is operating with the constant excitation and speed) under different kinds of load. b) Background and Theoretical Discussion The most commonly used machine for generation of electrical power for commercial purpose is the synchronous generator or alternator. An alternator works as a generator when its rotor carrying the field system is rotated by a prime-mover which in this case is DC shunt motor. The terminal voltage of an alternator changes with load. Alternators are by far the most important source of electric energy. Alternators generate an AC voltage whose frequency depends entirely upon the speed of rotation. The generated voltage value depends upon the speed, the dc field excitation and the power factor of the load. As the DC field excitation of an alternator is increased, its speed being held constant, the magnetic flux, and hence, the output voltage, will also increase in direct proportion to the current. However, with progressive increases in DC field current, the flux will eventually reach a high enough value to saturate the iron in the alternator. Saturation in the iron means that there will be a smaller increase in flux for a given increase in DC field current. Because the generated voltage is directly related to the magnetic flux intensity, it can be used as a measure of the degree of saturation. When an alternator delivering full rated output voltage is suddenly subjected to a short-circuit, very large currents will initially flow. However, these large short-circuit currents drop off rapidly to safe values if the short-circuit is maintained. The output voltage of an alternator depends essentially upon the total flux in the air-gap. At no load this flux is established and determined exclusively by the DC field excitation. Under load, however, the air-gap flux is determined by the ampere-turns of the rotor and the ampere-turns of the stator. The latter may aid or oppose the MMF (magnetomotive force) of the rotor depending upon the power factor of the load. Leading power factors assist the rotor, and lagging power factors oppose it. The open-circuit test or the no-load test, is performed by driving the generator at its rated speed while the armature winding is left open. The field current is varied in suitable steps and the corresponding values of the open-circuit voltage varied in suitable steps and corresponding values of the open-circuit voltage between any two pair of terminals of the armature windings are recorded. The OCC follows a straight-line relation as long as the magnetic circuit of the synchronous generator does not saturate. In the linear region, most of the applied mmf is consumed by the air-gap; the straight line is appropriately called the air-gap line. As the saturation sets in, the OCC starts deviating from the air-gap line. c) Procedure In first part, after assemble the circuit according to the foregoing topographic diagram, exciter current and the current and voltage absorbed by the dc motor measured when not coupled to the alternator. Then motor and alternator coupled to measure exciter current and the current and voltage absorbed by the dc motor again. In this stage, it is an important point that alternator was not excited, so power between these two measurement gives us mechanical losses of the alternator. In the end, stator voltages for three speeds as a function of the exciter currents measured(Table 1) when the alternator is running at different constant speeds. In second part, after assemble the circuit according to the foregoing topographic diagram, exciter current and the current and voltage absorbed by the dc motor measured when alternator stator winding is short-circuited. After that, short-circuit current measured (Table 2) corresponding to the alternator exciter current values when the alternator is running at different constant speeds. In the last part, after assemble the circuit according to the foregoing topographic diagram, the resistive load was used as the first load, after that experiment repeated with inductive loads and finally with capacitive loads too. Load are connected in star connection. It could be connected as delta connection too but preferred as star connection because the alternator is already connected in star connection too. After loads connections set, value of the dc supply voltage of motor-alternator set increased until nominal speed of the alternator is reached. With the no-load exciter current IE0 (which were founded in first part of the experiment) given to the alternator field, measurements was starts with steps from R1 to R5 value. After that resistive load replaced and measurements repeated for inductive and capacitive loads too (Table 3). d) Results IEM= 0.8 AIM= 1.38 AUM= 220 VPMm= UM(IM IEM) = 127.6 W IEM0= 0.8 AIM0= 1.84 AUM0= 220 VPM0= UM0(IM0 IEM0) = 228.8 W PGm= PM0 PMm = 101.2 WIE0= 250 mA Speeds(min-1) 3000 2500 2000 IE (mA) US (V) US (V) US (V) 100 27 37 35 200 213 168 163 250 393 337 254 300 457 392 315 350 512 444 351 400 545 473 379 450 578 497 395 500 595 516 412 550 613 530 425 Table 1 : Stator voltage corresponding to the following exciter current values when alternator is running at different constant speeds. Plot 1 : Stator voltage curves for three speeds as a function of the exciter currents IEMk= 1 AIMk= 1.95 AUMk= 214 VPMk= UMk (IMk IMEk) = 203.3 W Speeds(min-1) 3000 2500 2000 IE (mA) US (V) US (V) US (V) 100 0.1 0.1 0.2 200 0.3 0.4 0.5 250 0.6 0.7 0.75 300 1.0 1.15 1.0 350 1.3 1.3 1.25 400 1.5 1.51 1.5 450 1.7 1.7 1.75 500 2 2.0 2.0 550 2.25 2.3 2.25 Table 2 : Short-circuit current corresponding to alternator exciter current values when the alternator is running at different constant speeds. Plot 2 : Stator current curves for three speeds as a function of the exciter currents   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   n= 3000 (min-1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   IE0= 250 (mA) R IS (A) US (V) L IS (A) US (V) C IS (A) US (V) R1 0.1 368 L1 0 333 C1 0.1 437 R2 0.2 357 L2 0.1 316 C2 0.2 466 R3 0.4 323 L3 0.2 278 C3 0.5 513 R4 0.5 284 L4 0.3 243 C4 0.8 576 R5 0.6 234 L5 0.4 211 C5 1.1 609 Table 3 : Stator current and voltage corresponding to different load values when the alternator is running at constant speeds and constant no-load exciter current value Plot 3 : Stator voltages as a funtion of the stator current for three types of load e) Conclusions In first part, it is possible that, learning about some machine characteristics with no-load test such as mechanical losses and the iron losses of alternator. In addition to that, it is observered that (Plot 1), with constant excitation the no-load voltage is proportional to the speed. In second part, just like in first part it is possible that, learning about some machine characteristics with short-circuit test such as ohmic and stray of alternator. Also, theoretically it is possible that synchronous reactance could be calculate In addition to that (Plot 2), it is observered that, short-circuit current is independent of the speed of the alternator and is proportional to the exciter current. In last part, the response of the alternator (which is operating with the constant excitation and speed) measured under different kinds of load. As expected, under capacitive load the stator voltage increases with increasing current, whereas under resistive and inductive loads it drops. Furthermore, in the case of inductive load a more sever voltage drop can be observed than under resistive load (Plot 3). f) References 1. A.E. Fitzgerald, C. Kingsly, Jr., and S.D. Umans, Electrical Machines, 5th edition, McGraw-Hill New York, 1990. 2. D.P. Kothari, I.J. Nagrath, Electrical Machines, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2004

Bio-fuels and how effective they truly are for the environment Essay

Biodiesel Biodiesel, classified as a renewable and biodegradable diesel fuel which is produced thru extraction of natural fats and oils. It can substantially reduce green house gas emission due to its low sulfur content. It is now commonly used in various parts of the world. Biodiesel can replace petroleum diesel in both the transport and non-transport applications. A shift in the utilization of alternative energy resources (including alternative fuels) will change the total demand for biodiesel as well as the level of utilization in specific applications. Bioethanol â€Å"Bioethanol is a high-octane, water-free alcohol produced from the fermentation of sugar or other converted biomass. In its purest form it is a colorless clear liquid with mild characteristic odor that boils at 78oC and freezes at 112oC† (www. doe. gov. ph). Ethanol burns more cleanly because it contains oxygen and has a high octane number, hence less carbon monoxide emissions and averts premature detonation. It burns slightly cooler, extending engine life, and promotes higher volumetric efficiency of the engine, thus, increases power. Adding ethanol to gasoline â€Å"oxygenates† the fuel so that it burns with less emissions. Most modern gasoline vehicles could operate on pure ethanol with a few basic engine modifications. â€Å"A 10% blend requires no engine modification while making a contribution to reducing emissions. Anything more than 10% requires engine modification† (www. doe. gov. ph). The other commercial blends are E15 (U. S. A. ), E20 (Brazil), E85 (Sweden and Minnesota), and E100 (used with 4% water in Brazil and Argentina). Fuel ethanol is primarily used for land transport as alternative to gasoline in spark-ignition engines. Other Biofuels The potentials of other alcohols such as methanol, propanol and butanol can be exhaustively explored for very specific future applications that can further increase the total amount of biofuel substitute to conventional fossil and fossil derived fuels. Methanol produced from biomass is not economically competitive at present. There is, however, an interesting possibility as alternative to hydrogen as fuel. Propanol and butanol can be produced by the action of microorganisms and enzymes. Butanol, particularly, is produced by fermentation in a process that can be modified for high net enegy gains. It has sufficiently similar characteristics with gasoline fuel such that there is high probability that it can be burned pure in existing commercial engines without modification and without any difficulty. There are other important biofuels such as biogas, charcoal, producer gas, etc. They can be processed and utilized in accordance with the provisions of existing laws, rules, regulations and standards. Studies are conducted in order that these important biofuels can be integrated into the biofuels program in a package for both energy and socio-economic objectives. Other First Generation Biofuels. The most common First Generation Biofuel is biogas which is a product of anaerobic digestion of organic materials an example of which is methane from wastes. Both the gas and digestate can be used as fuel. The utilization is usually site specific because of the environmental implications of production. A number of big commercial farms are producing and using biogas from wastes for process heating and the generation of supplementary power. Another first generation biofuel is Charcoal which is the product of the carbonization of hydrocarbon materials including wastes. Producer gas is from the gasification of hydrocarbon feedstock. In the late seventies, this fuel was utilized as engine fuel. The gas was generated from small wood chips fed into a reactor mounted unto the vehicle. Second-generation Biofuels â€Å"Second generation biofuels are those from lignocellulosic biomass feedstock using advanced technical processes. Being currently developed are: BioHydrogen, Bio- dimethylether (Bio-DME), Biomethanol, dimethylfuran (DMF), High Temperature Upgrading (HTU) diesel, Fischer-Tropsch diesel, Mixed Alcohols† (http://www. export. gov).

Definitions of Personal Essay Samples for Scholarship Application

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Supply chain - frozen vegetables - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4351 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Supply Chain Frozen vegetables 1.0 Introduction Nowadays the market environment is constantly changing. In this environment the product is not competing but the supply chain. Companies should be aware of the new rules of competition so globalization, merge, acquisitions, and prising must be taking into serious account by the companies during their strategic decisions. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Supply chain frozen vegetables" essay for you Create order Customers are those who deciding what the market is needed. The survival of a company or the competitive advantage for a company can be achieved, according to porter, with offering better price, differentiation or by combination of the these two. Similarly the Competitive advantage in any organization lies in its ability to perform crucial activities along the supply chain better than its competitors. I was decided as an entrepreneur to design a new supply chain for frozen vegetables in order to be in position to compete the supply chain of the other importers and local suppliers with greater success. Frozen vegetables may be commercially packaged or frozen at home. Wide ranges of frozen vegetable are sold in supermarkets, usually packaged in either rectangular boxes or plastic bags. Common frozen vegetables found in supermarkets include spinach, broccoli, cauliflower, peas, corn, many others, and mixtures of these and other vegetables. Cyprus market is supplied with frozen vegeta bles coming not only from the local production but also from abroad. By using upgraded logistics and by better management of the supply chain I am hopping to get cost advantage over my competitors. Since my company is not well experience in this field of the market will make a contract with an experienced company in logistics for the shipping, transportation, storing and distribution of the frozen vegetables. Parallel with this my company will offer an on-line service (website) where some retailers will order directly from the only warehouse that I will own. The first thing that I will do as a Single-line wholesaler is to choose my first-tier suppliers from abroad (Upstream) and then the first tier customers-retailers (Downstream). Then my company will make an agreement with a third party logistics (TPL) expert company in logistics. This company owns two big and technological advanced warehouses in Nicosia (Dali) and Limassol (near the port) and a fleet from special refriger ator trucks. According to our agreement, this company is responsible to bring the frozen food by ship ant then to them from the port to their warehouse in limassol and from there to distribute some of them to the other warehouse in Nicosia. It is also responsible for the distribution from warehouses to the retailers. 1.1 Integration Any organisation when dealing with a product, purchasing might look for the most reliable suppliers, inventory management for low unit cost, warehousing for fast stock turnover, materials management for easy handling, transport for full vehicle loads, and etc. The above is what we really need in frozen vegetables supply chain. But in order to avoid any problems that will occur when the separate aims of the above activities come into conflict we must integrate the supply chain. Some of these conflicts that might occur in my supply chain are the following: Purchase By sending fewer but larger orders of frozen vegetables to my supplier we will reduce my administration expenses but at the same time this will increase the stock level and raises the amount of money tight up in the warehouses of the TPL company, Warehouse By reducing the stock of frozen vegetables in the warehouse in order to save money probably we will lead in shortages where with there turn will lead us to the increase of the cost of expediting and transport for emergency deliveries, and Transport By using sea transport of frozen vegetables rather than air freight will reduce my costs but at the same time will increase the time and the amount of stock remaining in the supply chain. The performance of the supply chain can be improved with the integration of various tiers in the chain. Integration is prerequisite for effective sharing and utilization of information between different companies in the chain (First tier supplier wholesaler (TPL Company) first-tier customers). Companies in the same supply chain must realise firstly that they compete in the market not with other products but with other supply chains and secondly that actually have the same overall objective which is the satisfaction of the final customer. If the final customer is satisfied then all companies in the supply chain will benefits (more revenue). One of the most common problems in supply chain is the so-called bullwhip effect. Even small fluctuations in demand or inventory levels of the Retailers (supermarkets) in the chain are propagated and enlarged throughout the chain. This is happening because each company in the chain has incomplete information about the needs of others and it has to respond with a disproportional increase in inventory levels and consequently an even larger fluctuation in its demand relative to others down the chain. Due to the fact that our company is a new one in the market we will try to put the best bases for achieving the best possible supply chain and at the same time to eliminate the possibility of the bullwhip effect. The first thing will be the establishment of a long term agreement with our first tier supplier. With such agreement we will create a good relationship (partnership supply relationship) and as a result the supplier will put all his effort to keep its agreement in terms of dependability, cost, speed, volume flexibility and quality since he will be the major supplier of the company in Cyprus and will also benefit in many aspects from this cooperation (Entry in Cyprus market). Our company will create through recruitment process a culture free from self-interest in order individuals work together, effective team s for cooperating for the common good. The production manager of the supplier, the purchasing manager of the wholesaler, the TPL company manager with his warehouse manager and transport manager and the marketing department of our company must have close collaboration by having in regular basis organisational meetings (teleconferences). This collaboration will be enforced by using the technology that is already available to all (Fax, e-mail, teleconferences, etc). A Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system will be used for better inventory measurement and accuracy. At the same time an on-line system that will connect all the parties in the supply chain for faster information transmition and continuous control of the flow of the products (frozen vegetables replenishments etc) will be used among the cooperative parties in the supply chain (first- tier supplier, TPL company, wholesaler and retailers). Rewards will also be a helpful incentive. Visibility must also be excellent in ord er to have good communication in the supply chain in order information will flows efficient and effective. Customer Relationship Management will also be adapted to improve the experience to retain customers and ensure repeat business. The marketing department will be constitute by experienced people who by using special systems for better forecasts will receive and analyse all the information about the customers demand. These people will collaborate also with the managers of the retailers for the forecasting of the demand. This will help a lot the better planning, producing of frozen vegetables and ordering of the right quantity, minimising of inventory level and increasing of stock turnover of frozen vegetables. First-tier Wholesaler First-tier Supplier Customer Upstream Downstream Product (Frozen Vegetable flow) Information Flow 1.2 Customer service/customer value Customer service is a measure, which shows how well logistics is performing. The Customer service can mean the quality of the frozen vegetables, or promises which is the on time delivery of the frozen vegetables into supermarkets, or the fast respond which is the time that the customers waiting to be served, or accessibility to the frozen vegetables in supermarkets etc. The customer service is very important for my supply chain since at the end this will indicate our strategy. Nowadays customers push the trigger, customers have the options and customer decides the variety. Customer more often pays in order to acquire a benefit. Frozen vegetables quality is often the primary reason that customers buy them or not. Its a constant battle to ensure that the frozen vegetables that retailers display in supermarkets meet their consumer needs and requirements. 1.2.1 ABC categorization The ABC categorization is in fact very common in a variety of circumstances. In our case the ABC Analysis cannot be applied directly but it may still be useful when a situation requires for recognizing priorities and determining the importance of product profitability or customers loyalty. When an ABC categorization after a year will carried out, the method separates important products from less important ones. The 20% of inventory items need 80% of attention since these 20% will give the 80% of companys revenue. Similarly the 20% of my customers will be loyal and buys the 80% of the products and therefore provide the 80% of companys revenue to make it viable. To these customers will have to give more attention in order to keep them satisfied. 1.2.2 Key Performance Indicators My company Key Performance Indicator is Increased Customer Satisfaction, that KPI will be focused differently in different departments. The Manufacturing Department may have a KPI of Number of Units Rejected by Quality Inspection, while the Sales Department has a KPI of Minutes a Customer Is on Hold before a Sales Representative Answers. Success by the Sales and Manufacturing Departments in meeting their respective departmental Key Performance Indicators will help my company to meet its overall KPI. The importance of pre-transaction, Transaction and post transaction activities is crucial for the implementation and the success of KPI. 1.3 Procurement One of the most important aims of the procurement is to find good suppliers, work closely with them and developing beneficial relationships. I found my supplier from a catalogue in internet. This supplier is a French manufacturer and has all the qualifications that I was looking for. It has a good reputation in his country about the quality, the on time delivery of its products. It is also well known for its reliability of its agreements and about its long term relationships with its local and foreigners partners. This supplier has the ability and capacity to supply accurately my company with frozen vegetables in acceptable prices and in good financial agreements. On the other hand there is an alternative choice from Italy but as it mentioned before a single sourcing for the time being will be selected. With the single sourcing my company will create stronger relationship and commitment for the success of this relationship. Economies of scale and price discounts will achieved wi th fewer but large orders. The communication will be easier, a fact that will reduced administration costs since simpler procedures will be adapted. The orders will take place automated by using the electronic data interchange (EDI). This system will be connected with the server of my company. When the purchasing department receives the information for replenishment the system automatically will send the order to the supplier. This method is the most fast and efficient method for repeating orders. Due to the fact that all the parties involved in the supply chain will connected with an on-line system a continuous control of the flow of the frozen vegetables along the supply chain will be done at any time. 1.4 Description of the product The product is the frozen vegetables. Frozen vegetables may be commercially packaged or frozen at home. Wide ranges of frozen vegetable are sold in supermarkets, usually packaged in either rectangular boxes or plastic bags. Common frozen vegetables found in supermarkets include spinach, broccoli, cauliflower, peas, corn and mixtures of these and other vegetables. They may be cut or processed some other way into a shape or form that is convenient for cooking or eating, and sometimes seasoned. There is a great variety of brands and prices of this product, though many supermarkets have their own store brands, too. Frozen vegetables have some advantages over fresh ones, in that they are available when the fresh counterpart is out-of-season, they have a very long shelf life when kept in a freezer, and that they often have been processed a step or more closer to eating. In many cases, they may be more economical to purchase than their fresh counterparts. Since they are already cooked, and will likely be cooked more once they enter the household, they are believed to be more sanitary than fresh vegetables. While many consider frozen vegetables to be inferior to their fresh counterparts, the opposite is actually true in many cases. Vegetables purchased in the produce section of supermarkets have spent multiple days in transit, and many of the original nutrients will have leeched out. Frozen vegetables are frozen at their freshest, maintaining their nutrients. Freezing does change the taste and texture of the vegetables, however, making them less savoury to consumers. 1.5 Strategy The strategy of my company will be both Cost Leadership strategy and Differentiation strategy. 1.5.1 Cost Leadership Strategy The main aim will be the adapting of a positive strategy concetrated in minimising as posible of the logistics costs mostly through the integration of the frozen vegetables supply chain. Many objectives in supply chain are important to achieve the cost competitive advantage such as cost,quality, dependability, speed and flexibility but for the time being my company will focus or give more emphasis in cost, quality and of course dependability. Towards this my company made a good financial aggreement with a supplier in France famous for their products quality, having ISO 9000 and HACCP. Also for the dependability and cost minimisation an angreement with expertice in logistics is allready made. 1.5.2 Differentiation Strategy : Since there will be an alternative solution for the final customers( individuals or small retailers ) to order there frozen vegetables by using internet tools will be a different way that local market didnt used to. The website owns to my company and is specially designed for this purpose. The E- commerce will help individuals and small retailers to buy prodacts in lower prices that they used to while at the same time this might lead my company to higher profits since the same facilities more or less and technology sharing systems will be used for this purposes. The final consumers and the small retailers will benefit for the lower prices since no delivery will take place from that warehouse. Individuals or retailers must come to the warehouse that is located next to the TPL companys warehouse in Nicosia to get their orders. 1.5.3 Supply Chain Strategy At upstream the processes will desighned to be a Lean strategy. The main aim will be the removal of all unesessary links from the supply chain, the elimination of possible order delay and the use of technologically advanced information transfer systems for achieveing efficiency in products flow. Human resource, facilities, inventory, equipment and time will be minimised in the most possible degree. The exploitation of the big retailers electronic system like EDI for the shelf replenishments or for the amount of products that is leaving from there stores and the on-line communication for sharing any information through supply chain there will provide efficiency in processes, the orders will set immediately, the exact customer demand will be known and errors or mistakes or miscommunication will be also avoided. The inventory stock that will be tightening up will be eliminated as possible. Except from the flow of the right and on time information significant role in lean strategy has the TPL company transportation system. At downstream the processes will designed to be both Lean and agile. The use of the technology mentioned above can both reduce the costs but also increase the customer service. Customer service and cost minimisation will also be achieved by the effective transportation of the products through the TPL services. The same thing fit in the case of selling frozen vegetables from website. Customer satisfaction and low costs are dominant themes for any company. The agile part of the strategy will increase the customer service and customer satisfaction by increasing the speed of companys reaction and by its ability to tailor logistics to demands from individual customers. 1.5.4 Push-Pull strategy In our case the push strategy it applies to that portion of supply chain where demand uncertainty is relatively small and thus managing this portion based on long-term forecast is appropriate aiming for the economies of scale. The demand forecasts orders will coming from the retailer but as it mentioned before the marketing department of my company will also in cooperation with retailers for providing as possible more accurate forecast. On the other hand, the pull strategy is applied to the portion of the supply chain time line where uncertainty is high, hence it is important to manage this portion based on realised demand (website orders). The main aim is to have as possible lower stock in warehouses but at the same time some stock will be held in companys owned small warehouse or to TPL warehouse for the immediate satisfaction of website orders. The whole strategy will supported by the fast information flow mechanism to transfer information about customer demand from Point of sal e to the various participants in the supply chain. 1.6 Key drivers of logistics The key drivers in the supply chain of frozen vegetables include facilities, inventory, information, transportation, price, service rendered. 1.61 Facilities As it already mentioned above there will be an agreement with a TPL company expertise in logistics. As a company, we own a head office located in central location visible and accessible to every one who wants to cooperate with us and a small warehouse in industrial area in Nicosia next to the warehouse of TPL Companys warehouse. This warehouse is located there strategically thinking in order to avoid extra transportation of frozen products from TPL Companys warehouse. For the time being the warehouse will work mostly as a picking point for individuals or small retailers which like to put their orders through the website. It allocates the special truck for bringing the frozen food from TPL warehouse, special refrigerators for approximately small quantities due to the fact that any extra quantities can acquired in minutes from the TPL warehouse, personal for checking the input and output quantity with simple bar code system, labours that preparing the on-line orders every day and ski lled labour with forklift for lifting or uplifting purposes inside this warehouse. There will be no distribution towards retailers or individuals from this point but anyone of them will be in position to come with their trucks or vehicle to pick up their products. The TPL company owns two warehouses in Limassol (near the port) and in Nicosia (Dali industrial area). These warehouses are strategically located to serve any retailer in Cyprus (Nicosia, Famagusta, Larnaca and Pafos area). There are big enough to store and handle the frozen vegetables with care. Warehouses have the appropriate equipment such as special electronic control refrigerators for storing and keeping in good condition the products, Radio-frequency identification (RFID) applied into a product for the purpose of identification and tracking using radio waves. At any time the stock level of the products can be identified very easily. Generally these warehouses are having all equipment and personel that are needed for receiving, checking, sorting, putting on shelf, loading and picking. All the above had played a significant role in the selection of the TPL company since they represent the basic strategy for accessing customer markets, and also these will have a considerable impact on revenue, cost, and level of service. The locations of the facilities are the possible paths by which the product flows through to the final customer and also involves a commitment of resources to a long-term. 1.6.2 Inventory Inventories exist at every stage of the supply chain as either raw material, semi-finished or finished goods. They can also be in-process between locations. Their primary purpose is to buffer against any uncertainty that might exist in the supply chain. The push strategy that the company will follow is a strategy for minimising the stock level (money tight up) by the determination of the optimal levels of order quantities and reorder points, and setting safety stock levels, at each stocking location. These levels are critical, since they are primary determinants of customer service levels. The opposite is happening in my warehouse in case of website orders with the pull strategy due to the fact that the stock held there is the minimum could be since the respond is for the specific orders only. In any case the forecast of demand, information transmitted and orders that placed will increase or decrease the inventory hold in the supply chain. 1.6.3 Information The ability to transmit information throughout the supply chain can allow to companies to monitor the true demand and to reduce the inventory level throughout the supply chain and to achieve better integration between participants and processes in the supply chain. The major bet here is to make information on end-customer demand available to upstream operations. Electronic points of sale (EPOS) systems are used by many retailers and especially supermarkets. Sales data from check outs are consolidated and transmitted to the warehouses of each area and from then to my company and to the supplier manufacturing operations in France. The information will be shared also to the different participants of the supply chain by using the electronic data interchange system. 1.6.4 Transportation The supplier in France is responsible for the transportation of the frozen food to the port in France and at the same time is also responsible for the shipping of the products. Responsible for the receiving, transportation and distribution of the frozen food from Limassol port will be the TPL Company. The strategic decision of my company will be to import the products in large quantities by ship every two or three months. Of course this method will hold a relatively large amount of inventory to buffer against the inherent uncertainty throughout the supply chain. The latter will be balancing with the fact that is the cheapest way for importing products plus that will taking into account that the frozen products when they have the right treatment (refrigerators etc) can bear for long period according to their expired date. The routine and scheduling of the equipment from the TPL Company will provide more efficient supply chain. 1.6.5 Price My company will sell to my retailers in relatively low prices that will allow to me and my retailers at the same time to get profit. The price of the frozen vegetables will also be the lower in the market. (Cost leadership strategy) 1.6.6 Service rendered My company will promote offers from time to time. Even lower prices for retailers when they make larger orders or the orders of the year. Offers buy one and take another one or the half price products will be given for a period for those retailers or individuals that put their orders on the website. 1.7 Orders As it is mentioned above the electronic point of sale (EPOS) systems are used by many retailers especially supermarkets. The retailer manager analyse these information. These information are comparing with the past information and statistics for forecasting of the demand. Then as a retailer will forward their orders using electronic mains such as e-mail, fax or where there is the capability by the EDI system, to my company and more specific to the warehouse. The warehouse by using the RFID system will check the existing stock levels of the product prior to put the last order to the supplier using as before electronic mains such as e-mail, fax or where there is the capability the EDI system. 1.8 Inventory Calculations The calculations that are following were done according to the numbers provided and may not fully apply to our imaginary supply chain (e.g. our lead time will be greater) Average Demand = D = 20,000 units a year Lead Time = L = 2 weeks Reorder Cost = R = â‚ ¬ 100 an order Holding Cost = Hc = 7% on unit cost = 0,07 X 20 = â‚ ¬ 1,4 a unit a year Standard Deviation = ? = 200 units Unit Cost = Uc = â‚ ¬ 20 a unit Service Level 95% or 98% For 95 % Z = 1.64 and for 98% Z = 2.05 SOLUTION: The reorder size EOQ is equal to: EOQ =Q = ?2RD/H = ?(2 X 100 X 20,000)/1,4 = 1690,3 units Validation The Variable Cost = Total Reorder Costs + total Holding Costs = DR/Q + HcQ/2 Vc = D X R + Hc X Q = 20,000 X 100 + 1.4 X 1690,3 = â‚ ¬ 2,366.42 Q 2 1690,3 2 1,183,21 = 1183,21 à ¨ OK We can see that the total Reorder Costs equal the total Holding Costs à ¨ There is no problem. The Stock Cycle Length will be equal to T = Q/D = 1690,3 = 0,0845 years or 20,000 1,01 months or 4,39 weeks or 30,84 days The variable cost a year can also be found by: Vc = H X Q = 1,4 X 1690,3 = â‚ ¬ 2,366.42 The fixed cost is equal to Fc = Uc X D = 20 X 20,000 = â‚ ¬ 400,000.00 The Total Cost a year is equal to Tc = UcX D + Vc à ¨ Tc = 20 x 20,000 + 2,366.42 = â‚ ¬ 402,366.42 Conclusion: The above results say that we should order 1690,3 units every 1,01 months à ¨ ? 12 times a year . That is the optimal policy. If the order is greater than 4000 we can get a discount of 5%. Unit Cost = Uc = â‚ ¬ 20 a unit X 0.95 = â‚ ¬ 19 Holding Cost = Hc = 7% on unit cost = 0,07 X 19 = â‚ ¬ 1,33 a unit a year We assume that our orders are 5000 units. Then, Vc = D X R + Hc X Q = 20,000 X 100 + 1.33 X 5000 = â‚ ¬ 3,725.00 Q 2 5000 2 400 ? 3325 This time it is obvious that the total Reorder Costs are not equal to the total Holding Costs.Actually the re-order cost decreases while holding cost increases. We can then check the Total Cost : Tc = Uc X D + Vc à ¨ Tc = 20 X 0,95 X 20,000 + 3,725.00 = 380,000.00 + 3,725.00 = â‚ ¬ 383,725.00 The total cost now decreases by â‚ ¬ 18,641.42 and there is a great possibility of changing my decision! 95 % Service Level For 95 % Z = 1.64 Standard Deviation = ? = 200 units Safety Stock = SS = Z X ? X ? LT = 1,64 X 200 X ? 2/52 = 64,32 units EOQ = Q = 1690,3 units ? 1691 units Reorder Level = LD + Safety Stock = 2/52 X 20,000 + 64,32 = 833,55 units So the best policy is to order ? 1691 units whenever the stock falls to 834 units. Cost of Safety Stock = Safety Stock X Holding Cost = 64,32 X 1,4 = â‚ ¬ 90.04 98 % Service Level For 98 % Z = 2.05 Standard Deviation = ? = 200 units Safety Stock = SS = Z X ? X ? LT = 2,05 X 200 X ? 2/52 = 80,40 units EOQ = Q = 1690,3 units ? 1691 units Reorder Level = LD + Safety Stock = 2/52 X 20,000 + 80,40 = 849,63 units So the best policy is to order ? 1691 units whenever the stock falls to 850 units. Cost of Safety Stock = Safety Stock X Holding Cost = 80,40 X 1,4 = â‚ ¬ 112.56